Monthly Archives: June 2020

Singapore’s Ministry of Health announced Tuesday night that it had entered the second phase of virus unsealing from 0:00 on the 19th. As more people return to work, the government will expand the scope of novel coronavirus testing, starting next week, for all people over the age of 45 suffering from acute respiratory infection testing.
Clinical evidence shows that patients are the most infectious after symptoms appear, so the government plans to test all people who have symptoms of acute respiratory infection when they first seek medical treatment. In this way, the infected can be detected as early as possible and controlled quickly to avoid further spread of the virus.
In addition, the government will also expand the detection of case contacts. Previously only close contacts with confirmed cases were isolated, and now all contacts must be tested before isolation. If any of them are diagnosed, they will continue to follow up other close contacts according to the activity records of the diagnosed person and isolate the close contacts as early as possible.

The first clinical trial of coVID-19 vaccine in Japan will start on June 30, Osaka Prefecture announced Tuesday.

Osaka governor Yoshimbun Yoshimbun said Monday that 20 to 30 local medical practitioners will be involved in clinical trials of the vaccine from Tuesday, according to reports by The Asahi Shimbun and other media.
If the safety of the vaccine can be confirmed, the next step is to expand the trial to 400 to 500 people.

The vaccine, jointly developed by Osaka Prefecture, Osaka University and medical start-up companies, has been under cooperation since April, aiming to produce a vaccine for 200,000 people by the end of the year, with plans to roll it out in the spring or fall of next year, the report said.
The clinical trial of the coVID-19 vaccine is the first in Japan, Osaka prefecture said.

Around the world, many countries are pushing for vaccine research.
According to the World Health Organization, more than 120 vaccine candidates are under development globally, and a small number of them are in clinical trials.
However, given global demand, the government is concerned it may not be able to secure domestic use if it relies on foreign suppliers.

To ensure vaccine development, the Japanese government also provides subsidies to pharmaceutical companies to promote vaccine development and large-scale production.
In addition to vaccines, Japanese drug companies are also pushing research into therapeutic drugs, including Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., which has announced plans to develop new drugs.

In this regard, Japan jiji News agency has analyzed that even if the drug and vaccine trials in The United States and Europe are successful, it will take time to establish a large-scale supply system.
Price setting for drugs and vaccines is also key to achieving universal access.
International medical-aid groups have also warned that patents on medicines and vaccines could lead to price increases and supply restrictions, and called on their governments to stop enforcing controls on patents and prices.

Five confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported from 0:00 to 24:00 on June 12 in Fengtai District, Beijing.
The course of action of the case involves some merchants in the wholesale market of Xinfadi. Currently, closed management measures have been taken in the wholesale market of Xinfadi and the surrounding communities.

On June 13, four new confirmed cases of COVID-19 were announced in Beijing, with their movements pointing to the same place — xinfadi Wholesale market for agricultural products.
At the same time, novel Coronavirus nucleic acid positive tests were found in the new Hair market practitioners and the environment.

Novel Coronavirus has not reported new confirmed cases in Beijing for more than 50 days. Where did novel Coronavirus come from?
Why does the outbreak point to the wholesale market?
The reporter interviewed Wu Zunyou, chief epidemiologist of The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Low temperature environment, dense population easily lead to virus transmission

Q: Why does the outbreak in Beijing point to the wholesale market?

Zunyou Wu: When our researchers collect biological samples with virus on a daily basis, they usually keep them in low temperature.
The colder the temperature, the longer the virus lives.
In wholesale markets, where much seafood is stored frozen, the virus can survive for a long time and is more likely to infect humans.
In addition, a large number of people enter and leave the wholesale market of agricultural products every day. As long as one person is carrying the virus and enters the market undetected, it may cause the spread of the epidemic.

According to previous knowledge and experience, there are two possibilities for a sudden outbreak of coVID-19 in Beijing.
In the first possibility, seafood or meat contaminated with a novel Coronavirus in a wholesale market is the source.
Wholesale market a lot of seafood, beef and mutton are not Beijing real estate, but the field import, including overseas imports.
At present, there are hundreds of thousands of novel coronavirus infections every day in the world. Novel Coronavirus infection may cause contamination when dealing with seafood or beef or mutton.
After these products are delivered to the wholesale market in Beijing, the wholesale market people will touch these products when they operate.
We know that novel Coronavirus is mainly through droplet transmission and contact transmission.
If they touch the contaminated product and rub their nose and eyes, they become infected.
The symptoms are mild at first and can spread from person to person at work if not realized.
The second possibility is that there are other sources of infection.
The wholesale market in Xinfadi has a large flow of people, and the people in the market come from all directions. Those who come and go in the wholesale market in Xinfadi are the source of infection.

For example, he may be a person who came from another epidemic area. After being infected with mild symptoms, he did not pay attention to it at that time, and then caused pollution to the wholesale market in Xinfa, which led to the agglomeration of the epidemic.
As several cases have been found so far linked to the wholesale market in Xinfa, attention has been turned to Xinfa.
Whether contaminated seafood or meat in the market was the original source of the infection, or whether people entering or leaving the market were the source, both possibilities exist.
But the first scenario is more likely based on what is happening in Beijing.

To do this, we need to collect data from the following aspects.
First, after collecting complete information on all infected persons and close contacts, the contact relationship, transmission chain and transmission network between people should be established, which is an epidemiological investigation.
The second is to rely on big data to tease out the movements of all those infected, which can give us clues as to whether they share a common exposure, such as the presence of several confirmed patients in the past few days somewhere near the site of the outbreak.
The third is biotechnology in the laboratory, which studies the genetic sequence of viruses to help determine their likely origin.
Study and analyze the virus gene of the extracted sample to see whether it is the same as the novel Coronavirus that appeared in Beijing two months ago, or more similar to Harbin and Shulan, or more similar to the virus strains prevalent in America and Europe.
These analyses can provide us with more information.
In short, if we combine these three approaches, we can have a clearer understanding of the new outbreak in Beijing.
It is still in the process of gathering information, and there is no way to draw a firm conclusion.

It is impossible to determine the source of infection in the wholesale market

Q: What is the source of contagion in the wholesale market?
Is it the flow of people or logistics?
Meat, fish, or something?
Can you make an analysis from the perspective of epidemiological investigation?

Wu Zunyou: At present, it is difficult to determine the source of infection in the wholesale market.
For example, just because a novel Coronavirus is detected in the chopping board of imported salmon, we cannot conclude that salmon is the source of infection.
Anyone or anything that comes in contact with the chopping board is likely.
For example, a novel Coronavirus infected person may be the owner of the chopping board.
For example, a guest may purchase from a novel Coronavirus infected person. If he spends a long time in front of the chopping board, he may cause contamination of the chopping board when communicating with his host or bargaining.
For example, a novel Coronavirus may be contaminated with another item sold by the board owner.
We need to collect samples from different channels to verify and evaluate which one is more likely.
Xinfadi wholesale market stream of people, sales of goods too many too complex, not in a very short time to be able to understand clearly.
Only by checking all the people and objects can we show the whole picture.

Before this new outbreak, There had been no confirmed cases in Beijing for more than 50 days in a row.
If epidemiological investigation and big data analysis confirm that none of the confirmed coVID-19 cases and those positive nucleic acid tests have a history of travel, and they are all actually infected in Beijing, then it is likely that the virus was brought in by imported or contaminated items outside Beijing.
So, must carry on careful and meticulous carding to new hair place article source channel.

Carrying wild animals and carrying imported goods are two different concepts

Q: Some analysts say that seafood is unlikely to be a source of infection, because fish are low living things and fish viruses rarely infect people. That means salmon itself is very unlikely to be a carrier of the virus.
What do you think about that?

Wu Zunyou: There is some truth in this analysis, but it’s not all right.
Carrying wild animals and carrying imported goods are two different concepts.
Civet cats, bats and other wild animals can carry the coronavirus themselves, and the virus multiplies in them without getting sick.
Imported items carried mean that the worker infected by a novel Coronavirus contaminated the items when handling them. After the contaminated items were imported into China, others became infected during processing.
So wildlife carries the virus, and seafood carries the virus on contaminated surfaces.
Fish do not carry coronavirus in their bodies.
However, after the fish was caught, the contaminated seafood may contaminate the surface of the fish because the processing worker was infected with a novel Coronavirus, and the contaminated seafood was transported to China. The infected seafood was infected during the processing of the fish and further spread from person to person.
Of course, this is just a speculation, which needs further confirmation from epidemiological investigation.

Under the current situation, it is necessary to do a good job in the inspection and quarantine of fresh, fruits and vegetables and other goods.
Two situations are of particular concern: one is for goods imported from abroad.
At present, the epidemic situation overseas is more serious than that in China.
The other is frozen goods, including seafood, beef and mutton.
In all these cases, quarantine should be strengthened.

The key is to prevent and control the epidemic

Q: What is critical now is to make it controllable through our streaming, traceability, detection and screening. How?

Wu Zunyou: The epidemic started early in Our country and we had little experience in fighting the epidemic. The reason why we were able to control the epidemic was that we resolutely and thoroughly implemented 100 percent of the measures to control respiratory infectious diseases.
Under the most severe conditions in China at that time, all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, including Beijing, were able to control the epidemic without causing it to spread more widely.
Now, with a few more sporadic cases, we are confident that we can deal with the outbreak in the bud in a timely manner and not cause a wider spread.
Harbin and Shulan are like this, and so will Beijing.
We have confidence.

Different people may have different understandings of the four words “controllable”.
“Controllable” does not mean that a case will not occur. It means that even if a case does occur, we will be able to detect and deal with it in the first place, so as to keep the epidemic within a minimum range. That is what we mean by “controllable”.
Novel Coronavirus is a new infectious disease so contagious that patients do not realize they are infected until a few days after they have symptoms. When they are diagnosed in the hospital, the virus has often caused a certain range of transmission and spread, so it is extremely difficult to control.
Therefore, “preventable and controllable” does not mean zero cases, zero transmission and zero deaths. We should also have a clear and rational understanding of these four words.

Beijingers need not panic

Q: What is the risk of the virus spreading in the current situation?

Wu Zunyou: Fighting coVID-19 is like fighting a war. Every second is precious.
Get the virus under control before it spreads, and you have the upper hand.
Take the provinces outside Hubei as an example. Why didn’t any provinces and municipalities experience the same situation as those in Europe?
Key lies in the fact that flowed from hubei to return to the local, we first mastered their situation, take the initiative to contact, the vast majority of them, before they had not yet developed symptoms have been isolated under medical observation, once the symptoms for treatment immediately, not let them stay in society too much, not wait until after they come on again to go to the hospital, not give these people from hubei infection time at a local outbreak spread, it is working.

The immediate priority is to identify the source of the infection as early as possible, identify close contacts and avoid secondary transmission. Beijing has responded quickly.
A few sporadic cases, can be analyzed in such a short time, lock xinfa wholesale market.
The experience of the past few months, especially the use of technology such as big data, has enabled us to quickly point in the right direction.
After the direction was determined, the personnel and environment were immediately tested, and more directional information was quickly obtained.
These important information will not only be of great significance to Beijing’s epidemic prevention and control, but may also provide new and valuable information to unravel the mystery of the spread of coVID-19.
I have full confidence in Beijing’s prevention and control of the epidemic.
Of course, there is still a lot of work ahead and we need to continue to work hard.
The number of close contacts is still very large, and a slight omission could pose a risk of spread.
So a lot of people have to be involved in the search for close contacts.
At the same time, the laboratory should carry out testing and analysis as soon as possible to provide more decision-making basis for epidemic prevention and control.

According to the current information, the rebound of the epidemic in Beijing is mainly concentrated around the markets in Xinfadi.
For employees and family members working in Xinfang, close contacts, medical staff in hospitals, and patients visiting the hospital at the same time, it is more accurate to extend the nucleic acid test to these ranges.
The virus has so far not spread to the whole of Beijing, threatening the city’s more than 20 million people.

Q: Under the current situation of epidemic prevention and control, what should Beijing citizens pay special attention to?

Wu Zunyou: There is no need for people to panic. After all, we have accumulated rich experience in epidemic prevention and control and treatment of patients.
The city has taken a series of measures, including publishing the activity tracks of confirmed cases and defining the response levels in some areas.
By pinpointing this information, people can tell if they have been to any of these places in the past week or two.
People who have been to observe their physical conditions, to see if there are abnormalities, not at ease can take the initiative to do nucleic acid testing.
For other citizens, in places with poor ventilation, basic hygiene habits such as wearing masks and washing hands should be maintained.

The new corona virus appeared earlier in the Xinfadi wholesale market in Fengtai District, Beijing. According to the current official announcement, four out of the diagnosed patients developed the disease.

From 0:00 to 24:00 on June 13, Beijing newly reported 36 local confirmed cases and 1 asymptomatic infected person, with no new suspected cases. A total of 43 cases were diagnosed.

The Beijing Covid Outbreak Prevention and Control Leading Group announced that Beijing has entered an extraordinary period.

How this epidemic was triggered is still under investigation, but at the 115th regular press conference of the Beijing Municipal Government on June 14, the epidemic prevention and control revealed more information.

At the press conference, Pang Xinghuo, deputy director of the Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, introduced 36 new cases. Of the 36 confirmed cases, 1 positive tester was all related to the new market, of which 27 were in the new market, and 9 were directly or indirectly exposed to the new market; through active medical treatment Eleven cases were found, and 25 cases were actively discovered by the epidemic situation traceability screening.

The first financial reporter found out from the cases notified by Pang Xinghuo that the working units of case 12 and case 21 were the new market, and the self-employed person had symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, fatigue, and muscle soreness on the 4th. And no medical treatment. The nucleic acid test was found to be positive in the “Sampling and Testing for Epidemic Traceability” on the 12th, and the diagnosis was confirmed by experts.

“From the case history of clinical cases, it can be seen that the earliest infected person has already developed the disease on the 4th and is infectious. The market spread of the new place has begun.” An epidemic expert said.

And it happens that among the non-new-site staff, case 4 is on the 4th, case 5 is on the 4th, case 11 is on the 28th and 11th of May, case 17 is on the 3rd, and case 24 is on the 6th, the case 35 went to Xinfadi Market on June 5 to purchase, including the first confirmed case in Xicheng District, and went to Xinfadi Market on June 3 or 4.

This shows that the spread of the epidemic in Beijing earlier than June 11. In order to better control the epidemic, Beijing has fully initiated the nucleic acid testing of personnel related to the new location.

Beijing requires that people who have been in close contact with the Xinfadi market since May 30 should take the initiative to report to the unit and conduct nucleic acid testing.

How did this epidemic in Beijing trigger? It has not yet traced to its destination. However, on the evening of June 12, Zhang Yuxi, chairman of the Beijing Xinfadi Wholesale Market, said that the relevant department detected the novel coronavirus from the cutting board of imported salmon, and the source of the product came from the Beijing-Shenzhen seafood market.

Did the salmon cause the epidemic? Or is salmon infected with humans after being contaminated with novel coronavirus in the environment?

Zhong Kai, deputy director of the Kexin Food and Nutrition Information Exchange Center and former researcher of the National Food Safety Risk Research Center, said in an interview with China Business News that salmon “carrying” coronavirus and bat “carrying” coronavirus are two different things. The “carrying” of salmon is precisely contaminated and contaminated. The “carrying” of bats is a symbiotic host. At present, the known hosts of coronavirus are all mammals, and the possibility of carrying coronavirus in salmon is almost zero.

On the evening of 12 June, Beijing Xinfandi Wholesale Market confirmed that after novel Coronavirus was detected from the chopping irus on the sampled salmon, the trouble came.
First, all salmon were removed from shelves in major shopping malls and supermarkets in Beijing overnight. The products were mainly imported and novel coronavirus nucleic acid test was done for more than 10,000 employees involved in the sales of salmon.

Existing research suggests that fish harbor unknown viruses

Two questions are involved here. One is whether a salmon is a carrier or a host of a novel coronavirus?
Another question is whether the novel Coronavirus it carries will spread to humans even if the salmon is the host of a novel Coronavirus?

▲ Should salmon carry the pot
Salmon may not end up in the same situation as the civet massacre in 2003, but it could have serious consequences for the lack of consumption of the fish and the consequences for the production, fishing and marketing of salmon.

However, the salmon should be on the back of the pot.
It is safe to say that to date no fish has been the result of a study that has novel Coronavirus carriers, nor has there been a case of virus transmission from fish to human.
Therefore, it is doubtful whether salmon will carry a coronavirus or a transmission novel Coronavirus, that is, it can only be confirmed by future studies.

It should be clarified whether the novel Coronavirus found on the cutting board of the imported salmon came from a salmon, or whether it came from an ingredient such as another fish or meat, or whether it was transmitted to the board from a food marketer.

Now, Beijing CDC has a response that novel Coronavirus was not found on all imported salmon boards. Therefore, the answer to this question still needs investigation and research. For example, a novel Coronavirus can only be confirmed when it is found from the salmon sample in Beijing Xinfa Wholesale market or other food sample.

However, existing research also suggests that fish do have a large number of microbes, including viruses and parasites.

Researchers have identified 214 new RNA viruses in fish and frogs, according to a 2018 nature article, and they have evolved with vertebrates dating back millions of years.

The research means that fish have long harbours unknown viruses, and that viruses can evolve.
Meanwhile, since novel Coronavirus is also an RNA virus, it has similarities with RNA viruses in fish.
Team of more than 186 aquatic species of RNA was tested, from various tissues and organs to extract the RNA, and making use of the characteristic of RNA viruses generated 80.6 billion bases sequence, finally discovered 214 kinds of virus can be directly infected vertebrates, or that more than 200 kinds of virus can cause other infectious diseases, 24% these viruses which exists in the same individual in different organizations.

Can microorganisms in aquatic animals infect humans?

So can microbes from aquatic animals infect land animals and humans?

The answer is partly yes.

First of all, there are some human and fish comorbiditis (belonging to zoonoses), mainly transmitted by parasites, bacteria.
Merman comorbidities include various diseases caused by Vibrio enteritis, tapeworm, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus thuringiensis and nematodes, and some serious diseases, such as cholera, may also endanger human life.

For example, turtle tanks contaminated with Vibrio cholerae can infect people with cholera from eating contaminated turtles, and in severe cases, kill them.
Another well-known merman comorbidiasis is tapeworm caused by diphyllobothrium latum.
Adult worms live in the human small intestine, causing intestinal disorders and red blood cell anemia.
Then, the eggs are excreted with feces and incubated in the water. The carcasses are swallowed by daphnia magna and develop into protocercariae in the body cavity of daphnia magna.
When the infected saphnia magna is eaten by freshwater fish, the protocercariae can develop into metacercaria in the fish.
Humans can also become infected by ingesting undercooked metacercaria infected fish.

Another common merman parasitic disease is caused by the larvae of angiostrongylus elegans.

The larvae of this nematode worm are widespread in mollusks such as freshwater fish, shrimp and freshwater snails.
The adults live mainly in the blood vessels of the lungs of rats and mice. People can become infected by eating raw or immature freshwater fish, shrimp and snails that contain larvae.
However, the larvae of angionematodes do not develop into adult worms in human body, but migrate in the form of larvae, causing severe damage to tissues and organs at the site of migration. Moreover, the larvae mainly invade the central nervous system of human beings, thus often causing eosinophilic meningitis.

Of course, these are just bacteria and parasites that cause illness in both fish and humans, and that are transmitted from fish to humans.

Can viruses in fish spread disease?

Is there a disease that can be transmitted from a virus in fish to humans?
Researchers have found more than 200 RNA viruses in fish, but so far fish viruses have been shown to cause few illnesses in people.

In 1988, there was a major outbreak of hepatitis A in Shanghai, which was caused by the consumption of raw cockle cockles contaminated by hepatitis A virus. The epidemic caused 310,746 infections and 31 deaths, causing collective panic among The Shanghai people.
And hepatitis A virus can live in the hair cockles, because the hair cockles are filter feeding shellfish, a shellfish can filter water up to 10 liters per day, its food is a variety of dialgae.
If the living waters of the cockles cockles are polluted, the cockles cockles can enrich themselves with hepatitis A virus after they eat food, thereby infecting people.

▲ The hair cockle is a filter feeding shellfish
And, no matter be land live or sea live hair cockle, hair cockle is in its cheek flap filtration and concentrated extremely high armour liver virus, than the armour liver virus concentration in water (load) want to tall dozens of times.
At that time, the investigation found that there were hepatitis A virus in the hair cockle granosa in the waters around Qidong Small Temple Hong.

In September 1987, when the channel of the Yangtze Estuary was fully dredged, a wild rich area of MAO Cockles was accidentally discovered in qidong Section of the River, which had been polluted by feces for a long time.
By the end of 1987, a large number of Qidong tegillarca granosa had entered Shanghai’s vegetable market, resulting in the outbreak of Hepatitis A in Shanghai.

It follows that fish with gill flaps can also be enriched with HEPATITIS A virus and other viruses, and thus spread disease.

Novel Coronavirus can also spread through aquatic animals!

So, do fish, especially salmon, have the function of novel Coronavirus?
There’s no research to prove it.
Based on existing research, researchers are skeptical and negative.

Early May 2020, at university college London (UCL) team in preprint platform bioRxiv published a paper analyzes 215 vertebrate species of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 protein (ACE2 protein will be coronavirus invasion cell receptors) homologue and cell serine protease protein (TMPRSS2, can activate will be coronavirus spines protein to invade human cells) homologue and will effect between coronavirus, draw the conclusion: in mammals, will be coronavirus is hard to infection, fish, birds and reptiles.

Novel Coronavirus belongs to the genus coronavirus, and previous studies have shown that coronavirus only infects mammals.
Novel Coronavirus’s spines protein (S protein) mainly binds to ACE2 receptor on respiratory cells and invades human respiratory system. However, fish do not have lungs (except lungfish), so fish are not susceptible to infection with the virus.

However, these studies only answer one question. Just because a fish does not have lungs that are less likely to be infected with a novel Coronavirus does not mean that a fish or aquatic animal will not carry a novel Coronavirus.

As previous studies have shown, bats can carry a myriad of viruses, including several strains of coronavirus alone, but they don’t get sick.
Is it also true that salmon can carry coVID-19 or other viruses, as well as other bacteria and parasites, but do not get sick themselves, only causing people to get sick?

Reality has also shown that novel Coronavirus can also spread to people.

In April 2020, a mink breeder in the Netherlands contracted avirus from a Novel Coronavirus. At that time, it was not suspected that the virus had been transmitted by a mink.
It was not until the end of April, when more than 2 per cent of ferrets died from viruses on one Farm in the Netherlands and more than 1 per cent died on another farm, that they were suspected as the source of infection.

▲ Dermott, Netherlands, discovered a mink infected with a Novel Coronavirus
On 19 May, the Government of the Netherlands clearly reported two cases of animal-to-human transmission, in which the virus in a worker at a mink farm was similar to the virus found in minks at the farm and was therefore confirmed to be mink-to-human.

It is also the only known case of animal-to-human transmission since the global coVID-19 outbreak began.
Novel Coronavirus was found on dogs and cats before, but it could not be confirmed whether it was passed from person to animal or from animal to animal.

This has also caused real damage to minks, just as it did to Chinese civet cats in 2003.
On June 9, a farm in the southern Dutch town of De Mortel gamed 10,000 female minks and about 50,000 baby minks out of fear that a novel Coronavirus might infect people.

▲ Dutch authorities cull minks from Dermott farms
According to Pieter Jacobs, who oversees the culling at the Dutch Food and Goods Agency, 75,000 female minks and 300,000 baby minks will be culled from 10 farms in the Netherlands.
Carcasses will be transported in sealed containers to treatment centres and disinfected at the farms.
The Dutch Supreme Court has ruled that all of the country’s approximately 140 mink farms will be closed by 2024.

Whether salmon and other fish are novel Coronavirus hosts, whether they are novel coronavirus hosts at source or in the middle, and whether they are transmitted from salmon to human needs to be confirmed by future studies.

According to previous research and common sense, across species parasitic sick is not easy for different species of microbes, but the emergence of the beast comorbidities also let people vigilant, perhaps salmon or other aquatic animals may let a person suffering from COVID – 19, so, will expand and expand people’s will be coronavirus and COVID – 19 of cognition, and thus to overcome the infectious disease to provide more scientific basis.

All questions related to salmon will be answered by future research and investigation.
However, salmon can still be eaten, but it has to be well cooked.

On June 4, the Lancet published online a public health strategy and policy paper by Gao’s team and Professor Feng Zijian.
The article describes China’s strategies and experience in fighting the epidemic.

The article was published in the Health Policy section of The Lancet, which is a content of experience and policy analysis. The article is more about the review and analysis of existing experience, as well as the prediction of future trends. It does not involve treatment regimens or other contents.

There are many notable points.

China’s whole population has an infection fatality ratio of 0.66 percent.

Given that the vast majority of people in China are still generally susceptible to COVID-19, China is at risk of another COVID-19 epidemic.

If the COVID-19 pandemic continues to worsen, it could cause an estimated 50 to 100 million deaths globally.

Thanks to repression and containment, China has brought the epidemic under control, hoping that the vaccine will develop herd immunity.

A slow epidemic may achieve herd immunity over a long period of time, but at a high cost in terms of morbidity and mortality.

On Sunday, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an unpeer-reviewed paper in the bio-preprint bioRxiv. According to the article, in laboratory tests, researchers found that a drug used to treat infectious diseases in cats effectively prevented the replication of Sars-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus); and computer modeling and laboratory experiments showed that This drug is “a relatively effective and safe drug candidate.”

It is reported that the drug, named GC376, was developed by Anivive Lifesciences, a biotechnology company headquartered in Long Beach, California, and has been used to treat cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP, referred to as cat-to-abdomen). Among them, cat-to-birth is a disease caused by the mutation of cat coronavirus carried by cats. This disease is usually fatal, but it will not be transmitted to humans.

GC376 belongs to the class 3c protease inhibitor, which mainly interrupts virus replication and then defeats the virus by autoimmunity. It is a kind of protease synthesis required to inhibit virus replication.

The above new research indicates that the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 requires a fully functional class 3c protease, also known as the main protease (Mpro). The function of Mpro is essential for virus replication and transcription, so it is an attractive drug target for anti-SARS-CoV-2.

The GC376 can be combined with Mpro. Mpro enzymes can break down large proteins into amino acids, and viruses use these amino acids as building blocks. Without Mpro, the virus cannot replicate itself.

The researchers found that the drug could easily enter Sars-CoV-2 infected cells and inhibit virus production. In addition, only a very low dose is needed to achieve the maximum effect and show excellent safety.

In fact, a few weeks before the results of the study were published, GC376 research and development company Anivive Lifesciences has applied to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency approval, hoping to conduct clinical trials of the drug in humans.

At the end of last month, Anivive said that based on its own research in the past few months, the company submitted a pre-survey application for GC376 to the FDA. Anivive said they will accept FDA guidance to establish clinical research protocols. It is unclear when these drugs will be tested in COVID-19 patients.

The predecessor of Ridesivir is also a magical medicine for cats

In fact, the predecessor GS-441524 preparation of redoxivir (code-named GS-5734) is also a drug for treating cat abdominal transmission, and redoxivir is a drug phosphorylated by GS-441524.

Although GS has never been approved for marketing (whether as a human or veterinary drug), it has shown the magical effect of treating cats with abdominal transmission. It is said that the cure rate is more than 80%.

GS-441524 is a small molecule, scientific name nucleoside triphosphate competitive inhibitor, which shows strong antiviral activity against many RNA viruses. GS-441524 acts on the replication stage of genetic material and acts as a natural nucleoside triphosphate competitor to participate in the replication of feline coronavirus RNA. When the GS-441524 molecule is inserted into the viral RNA, replication will fail, blocking the cat covid from the source The synthesis of viral RNA also affects the synthesis of the subsequent cat coronavirus coat protein.

However, because GS-441524 was not approved for marketing, some cat slaves can only buy this drug from the black market for the treatment of cat abdominal transmission.

According to Worldometers’ statistics, 16 countries — the United States, Brazil, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, India, Italy, Peru, Germany, Iran, Turkey, France, Chile, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan — have reached 100,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally.
More than 10,000 deaths have occurred in seven countries – the United States, Brazil, Spain, The United Kingdom, Italy, France and Mexico.

United States: The first states to reopen are reporting a surge in cases and hospitalizations as states push to reopen their doors further.
Confirmed cases have been rising steadily across the COUNTRY since the Memorial Day weekend.

Some officials point to increased testing as the reason for the increase in cases, but hospitalization data are not entirely dependent on testing.
Earlier this week, CNBC reported that Texas had reported a record number of COVID-19 hospitalizations for two days in a row, and Arizona was also reporting an increase in hospitalizations.

Dow Jones said three coVID-19 vaccine trials are planned in the US.
The Wall Street Journal notes that the U.S. trial of Pivotal, a coVID-19 vaccine candidate, will be launched this summer.
The GOVERNMENT says the final phase of Moderna trials will begin in July, followed by vaccine trials by Johnson & Johnson and Astrazeneca.

Britain’s Health secretary: Britain could not have dealt with coronavirus without the tech giant. One of the contracts showed Palantir charging just £1 ($1.27) for access to health data.

“Without the support of technology companies, we wouldn’t have been able to deal with the epidemic, and we wouldn’t have been able to deal with it in the way that we could,” Hancock said in an online speech at the CogX UK technology conference.

Britain is one of the worst affected countries and the government has come under heavy criticism for its handling of the outbreak.
Nearly 50,000 people have died in the UK and more than 290,000 have been infected with COVID-19, according to Johns Hopkins university.

Indonesia reported the highest single-day peak for several days in a row

Indonesia saw the biggest increase for a second straight day with 1,241 new infections, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 34,316, Reuters reported.
The country of 260 million people reported a record 1,043 new cases on Tuesday, Reuters reported.

Rice prices soared last week after some regional officials in the Southeast Asian country began easing restrictions.
The country resumed domestic air travel on Monday, but with some modifications.
The country also reported 36 deaths from COVID-19, bringing the total number of deaths to 1,959, according to data compiled by Johns Hopkins University.

Moody’s: A no-deal Brexit would seriously damage the UK’s post-epidemic economic recovery

Moody’s warned in a report that a no-deal Brexit would “severely damage the UK economy,” especially as the country suffers its worst recession in nearly a century following the coronavirus pandemic.

While such an outcome is not moody’s current baseline forecast, it said it was “increasingly likely”.
The report comes as Britain and the EU remain short of a common deal in post-Brexit negotiations.

The UK has so far refused to extend the current transition beyond the end of 2020, despite the uncertainty the coronavirus pandemic has created for the UK and EU economies.

“By the end of 2020, when no deal Brexit happens, the UK economy will still be significantly smaller than Moody’s predicted before the outbreak.”
It will also be less resilient, with public debt and unemployment rising and investment lower than expected before the outbreak, Moody’s said.

Moody’s said its underlying assumption remained that the UK and EU would reach an agreement by the end of the year, “albeit a limited one focused on trade in goods”.
But the risks of a no-deal outcome are rising.

Sampling test: Italy’s Bergamo achieves’ herd immunity ‘

In March, Italy became the first country in Europe to suffer a major outbreak, while the northern province of Bergamo was the “epicentre” of the outbreak.

According to the latest Italian data, as of June 10, Italy had 236,000 confirmed cases nationwide, while Lombardy region, including Bergamo province, had more than 90,000 confirmed cases.
There have been 34,043 deaths in Italy and 16,319 in the Lombardy region.

The latest sample test in bergamo province showed that blood tests of 9,965 inhabitants of bergamo province between 23 April and 3 June showed that 57 per cent of the population had covid-19 antibodies indicating exposure to the coronavirus.

The results are based on a “random” sample that is “broad enough” to reliably indicate the actual situation in the province, the Health department in Bergamo said.

Some scientists think that when 60-65% of a region’s population has antibodies, it is generally assumed that the region has reached “herd immunity” levels.
Apparently bergamo province is now quite close to that level.

However, herd immunity has always faced great controversy in terms of science and ethics, and countries such as the UK and Sweden that have considered implementing the strategy have also been criticized.

The south Korean military command now has a cluster of covid-19 infections

The Ministry of Defense (DOD) confirmed Wednesday that four more officers from the MILITARY Security Support Command (MSSC) under the MINISTRY of Defense (DOD) had tested positive for irus.
The Department of Defense said an officer of the Military Security Support Command confirmed Wednesday a novel Coronavirus infection. A contact subsequently tested positive for four of his co-workers.

All members of the Military Security Support Command will be tested.
“After (the Military Security Support Command) confirmed the first case on September 9, we tested 77 people who came into contact with him and found four more cases,” a defense ministry official said.

Qatari ministry of Health announced on August 8 that the country had successfully slowed the viral transmission of novel Coronavirus and the number of new confirmed cases in a single day began to decline.

Qatar’s Ministry of Health reported On Wednesday 1,368 new cases, 70158 confirmed, 57 dead and 45,935 cured.
By comparison, the number of new confirmed cases reported on The 5th, 6th and 7th was 1,754, 1,700 and 1,595 respectively.

In a statement on its website, Qatar’s ministry of Health said the number of confirmed cases and severe cases in a single day had dropped as a result of measures such as raising public awareness and enforcing anti-epidemic policies.

The measures include quarantining all arrivals, suspending public transport, banning international passenger flights, distance learning in schools and closing cinemas and theatres.
Starting May 17, all people must wear masks when they go out and when there are more than two people in the vehicle, or face up to three years in prison or a fine of up to 200,000 riyals ($55,000), or both.